Protected Areas in Tropical Africa: Assessing Threats and Conservation Activities

被引：90

作者：

Tranquilli, Sandra ^{[1
]}

Abedi-Lartey, Michael ^{[2
,3
]}

Abernethy, Katharine ^{[4
,5
]}

Amsini, Fidele ^{[6
]}

Asamoah, Augustus ^{[7
]}

Balangtaa, Cletus ^{[8
]}

Blake, Stephen ^{[9
,10
]}

Bouanga, Estelle ^{[11
]}

Breuer, Thomas ^{[12
]}

Brncic, Terry M. ^{[13
]}

Campbell, Genevieve ^{[14
]}

Chancellor, Rebecca ^{[15
]}

Chapman, Colin A. ^{[9
,16
,17
]}

Davenport, Tim R. B. ^{[18
]}

Dunn, Andrew ^{[19
]}

Dupain, Jef ^{[20
]}

Ekobo, Atanga ^{[21
]}

Eno-Nku, Manasseh ^{[22
]}

Etoga, Gilles ^{[23
]}

Furuichi, Takeshi ^{[24
,25
]}

Gatti, Sylvain ^{[26
]}

Ghiurghi, Andrea ^{[27
]}

Hashimoto, Chie ^{[24
,25
]}

Hart, John A. ^{[28
]}

Head, Josephine ^{[29
]}

Hega, Martin ^{[30
]}

Herbinger, Ilka ^{[31
]}

Hicks, Thurston C. ^{[29
,32
]}

Holbech, Lars H. ^{[33
]}

Huijbregts, Bas ^{[34
]}

Kuhl, Hjalmar S. ^{[29
,35
]}

Imong, Inaoyom ^{[19
,29
]}

Yeno, Stephane Le-Duc ^{[36
]}

Linder, Joshua ^{[37
]}

Marshall, Phil ^{[38
]}

Lero, Peter Minasoma ^{[39
]}

Morgan, David ^{[40
]}

Mubalama, Leonard ^{[41
]}

N'Goran, Paul K. ^{[42
]}

Nicholas, Aaron ^{[43
]}

Nixon, Stuart ^{[44
]}

Normand, Emmanuelle ^{[45
]}

Nziguyimpa, Leonidas ^{[46
]}

Nzooh-Dongmo, Zacharie ^{[23
]}

Ofori-Amanfo, Richard ^{[47
]}

Ogunjemite, Babafemi G. ^{[48
]}

Petre, Charles-Albert ^{[49
,50
]}

Rainey, Hugo J. ^{[9
]}

Regnaut, Sebastien ^{[51
]}

Robinson, Orume ^{[52
]}

机构：

[1] UCL, Dept Biol Anthropol, London, England

[2] Max Planck Inst Ornithol, Dept Migrat & Immuno Ecol, Radolfzell am Bodensee, Germany

[3] Univ Konstanz, Dept Biol, Constance, Germany

[4] Univ Stirling, Sch Nat Sci, African Forest Ecol Grp, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland

[5] IRET, Libreville, Gabon

[6] Frankfurt Zool Soc, Tshopo, DEM REP CONGO

[7] Ghana Cocoa Board, Environm Sustainabil Project, United Nations Dev Programme, Adabraka, Accra, Ghana

[8] Ankasa Conservat Area, Wildlife Div Forestry Commiss Ghana, Elubo, Takoradi, Ghana

[9] Wildlife Conservat Soc, New York, NY USA

[10] Univ Missouri, Whitney Harris World Ecol Ctr, St Louis, MO 63121 USA

[11] Minist Foret Environm & Protect Ressources Nat, Libreville, Gabon

[12] Wildlife Conservat Soc, Congo Program, Brazzaville, Rep Congo

[13] Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone

[14] Independent Researcher, Montreal, PQ, Canada

[15] W Chester Univ, Dept Anthropol & Sociol & Psychol, W Chester, PA 19380 USA

[16] McGill Univ, Dept Anthropol, Montreal, PQ, Canada

[17] McGill Univ, McGill Sch Environm, Montreal, PQ, Canada

[18] Wildlife Conservat Soc, Tanzania Program, Zanzibar, Tanzania

[19] Wildlife Conservat Soc, Calabar, Nigeria

[20] African Wildlife Fdn, Nairobi, Kenya

[21] World Wide Fund Nat, Limbe, Cameroon

[22] World Wide Fund Nat, Mt Cameroon NP, Limbe, Cameroon

[23] World Wide Fund Nat CARPO, Jengi Tridom, Yaunde, Cameroon

[24] Kyoto Univ, Primate Res Inst, Kyoto, Japan

[25] Support Conservat Bonobos, Luo Reserve, DEM REP CONGO

[26] West African Primate Conservat Act, Accra, Ghana

[27] Independent Researcher, Rome, Italy

[28] Lukuru Wildlife Res Fdn, Kinshasa, DEM REP CONGO

[29] Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, Dept Primatol, Leipzig, Germany

[30] Wildlife Conservat Soc, Monts Cristal, Gabon

[31] World Wide Fund Nat, Berlin, Germany

[32] Univ Amsterdam, Inst Biodivers & Ecosyst Dynam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

[33] Univ Ghana, Dept Anim Biol & Conservat Sci, Legon, Ghana

[34] Cent Africa Reg Programme Off, World Wide Fund Nat, Yaounde, Cameroon

[35] German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res iDiv, Leipzig, Germany

[36] World Wide Fund Nat, Gamba, Libreville, Gabon

[37] James Madison Univ, Dept Sociol & Anthropol, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 USA

[38] North Eastern Parks Programme, Windhoek, Namibia

[39] Minist Interior & Wildlife Conservat, Directorate Wildlife Serv, Juba, Sudan

[40] Lester E Fisher Ctr Great Ape Res, Chicago, IL USA

[41] World Wide Fund Nat, Itombwe Conservat Programme, Bukavu, South Kivu Prov, DEM REP CONGO

[42] Ctr Suisse Recherches Scientif Cote Ivoire, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire

[43] Wildlife Conservat Soc, Ruaha Katavi Landscape, Tanzania

[44] Zool Soc London, London, England

[45] Wild Chimpanzee Fdn, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire

[46] Inst Natl Environm & Conservat Nat, Bururi, Burundi

[47] Bia Conservat Area, Sefwi Wiawso, Ghana

[48] Fed Univ Technol Akure, Dept Ecotourism & Wildlife Management, Akure, Nigeria

[49] Univ Liege, Gembloux Agro Bio Tech, Unit Forest & Nat Management, Lab Trop & Subtrop Forestry, Gembloux, Belgium

[50] Royal Belgian Inst Nat Sci, Conservat Biol Unit, Brussels, Belgium

来源：

PLOS ONE | 2014年 / 9卷 / 12期

关键词：

MAMMAL POPULATION DECLINES; MODEL SELECTION; CONGO BASIN; WEST; FORESTS; BUSHMEAT; EXTINCTION; BIODIVERSITY; ENFORCEMENT; MANAGEMENT;

D O I：

10.1371/journal.pone.0114154

中图分类号：

O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];

学科分类号：

07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;

摘要：

Numerous protected areas (PAs) have been created in Africa to safeguard wildlife and other natural resources. However, significant threats from anthropogenic activities and decline of wildlife populations persist, while conservation efforts in most PAs are still minimal. We assessed the impact level of the most common threats to wildlife within PAs in tropical Africa and the relationship of conservation activities with threat impact level. We collated data on 98 PAs with tropical forest cover from 15 countries across West, Central and East Africa. For this, we assembled information about local threats as well as conservation activities from published and unpublished literature, and questionnaires sent to long-term field workers. We constructed general linear models to test the significance of specific conservation activities in relation to the threat impact level. Subsistence and commercial hunting were identified as the most common direct threats to wildlife and found to be most prevalent in West and Central Africa. Agriculture and logging represented the most common indirect threats, and were most prevalent in West Africa. We found that the long-term presence of conservation activities (such as law enforcement, research and tourism) was associated with lower threat impact levels. Our results highlight deficiencies in the management effectiveness of several PAs across tropical Africa, and conclude that PA management should invest more into conservation activities with long-term duration.

引用

页数：21

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