Analysis of the Long-Term Characteristics of BDS On-Orbit Satellite Atomic Clock: Since BDS-3 Was Officially Commissioned

Satellite atomic clocks are the key elements for position, navigation, and timing services of the Global navigation satellite system (GNSS); it is necessary to research the characteristics of BDS-3 on-orbit satellite atomic clocks for their further optimization. In this study, clock offset data with a duration of 620 days since BDS-3 was officially commissioned were applied to long-term characteristic analysis. To begin with, the precision clock offset data of Deutsches geoforschungs zentrum (GFZ) processed by a MAD-based method were used as reliable test data. Herein, the working principle and main characteristics of satellite atomic clocks are analyzed and discussed, and thus, a comprehensive long-term characteristic analysis scheme is designed. On this basis, the performance indicators-mainly including physical parameters, periodic characteristics, frequency drift rate, frequency accuracy, frequency stability-were calculated and analyzed respectively, revealing the long-term characteristics of the BDS in orbit satellite atomic clocks during the test period. The results of experimental data testify that the performance of BDS-3 satellite atomic clocks is significantly superior to that of BDS-2, especially in terms of drift rate and frequency stability, and the performance of passive hydrogen maser (PHM) is generally superior to that of rubidium atomic frequency standards (RAFS). Within about half a year since BDS-3 was officially commissioned, the frequency stability of BDS-3 satellite atomic clock gradually improved and then reached the order of 10(-15), reflecting the effectiveness of system maintenance and inter-satellite link. Furthermore, some novel conclusions are drawn, such as the long-term period term of the fitting residual and drift rate, which may be caused by the earth's revolution.