Energy expenditure estimation from respiration variables

The aim of this study was to develop and cross-validate two models to estimate total energy expenditure (TEE) based on respiration variables in healthy subjects during daily physical activities. Ninety-nine male and female subjects systematically varying in age (18-60 years) and body mass index (BMI; 17-36 kg*m(-2)) completed eleven aerobic activities with a portable spirometer as the criterion measure. Two models were developed using linear regression analyses with the data from 67 randomly selected subjects (50.0% female, 39.9 +/- 11.8 years, 25.1 +/- 5.2 kg*m-2). The models were cross-validated with the other 32 subjects (49% female, 40.4 +/- 10.7 years, 24.7 +/- 4.6 kg*m(-2)) by applying equivalence testing and Bland-and-Altman analyses. Model 1, estimating TEE based solely on respiratory volume, respiratory rate, and age, was significantly equivalent to the measured TEE with a systematic bias of 0.06 kJ*min(-1) (0.22%) and limits of agreement of +/- 6.83 kJ*min(-1). Model 1 was as accurate in estimating TEE as Model 2, which incorporated further information on activity categories, heart rate, sex, and BMI. The results demonstrated that respiration variables and age can be used to accurately determine daily TEE for different types of aerobic activities in healthy adults across a broad range of ages and body sizes.