The interplay of financial education, financial inclusion and financial stability and the role of Big Tech

The entry of Big Techs in the financial ecosystem might affect financial stability, among others through the opportunities and challenges they create for financial inclusion. We survey the literature to determine the effectiveness of financial education in improving financial literacy and inclusion and assess the impact of financial inclusion on financial stability. We argue for new research to determine whether financial education can help people to reap the financial-inclusion benefits that Big Tech may bring. We also conclude that financial-inclusion opportunities created by Big Tech might introduce financial stability risks and underline the importance of proper supervision and regulation.