Intentional introductions of commercially harvested alien seaweeds

被引:43
|
作者
Pickering, Timothy D. [1 ]
Skelton, Posa [2 ]
Sulu, Reuben J. [3 ]
机构
[1] Univ S Pacific, Sch Marine Studies, Suva, Fiji
[2] Int Ocean Inst Reg Ctr Australia & Western Pacifi, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia
[3] Univ S Pacific, Solomon Isl Ctr, Honiara, Solomon Islands
关键词
commercial macroalgae; introductions; invasive; translocations;
D O I
10.1515/BOT.2007.039
中图分类号
Q94 [植物学];
学科分类号
071001 ;
摘要
The two main drivers for intentional introductions of commercial macroalgae are (1) increasing global demand for macroalgae and macroalgal products, and (2) increasing need for alternative and sustainable livelihoods among coastal communities in less-developed countries (particularly to reduce degradation of coral reefs) and in the less-developed rural areas of more-developed countries. The macroalgal species that form the basis for commercial aquaculture (mainly Saccharina japonica (J.E. Areschoug) C.E. Lane, C. Mayes, Druehl et G.W. Saunders, Porphyra species, Undaria pinnatifida, Kappaphycus alvarezii, and Gracilaria species) are thus the ones most likely to be intentionally introduced to other places. The highest-profile cases of "invasive" macroalgae have mainly resulted from unintentional introductions, particularly via shipping. Two cases are species important commercially for aquaculture, U. pinnatifida and K. alvarezii, although the global spread of U. pinnatifida beyond Asia has been caused mainly by shipping. K. alvarezii has been intentionally introduced to many countries for aquaculture and has been reported as invasive in one locality in Hawaii; however, more recently it has emerged that Eucheuma denticulatum is in fact the main culprit at this locality. While environmental problems from intentional introductions have been few compared with those from unintentional introductions, it does not appear that commercial species are, as a group, inherently any more or less risk-prone than most unintentionally introduced species. Only a minority of alien species may ever become invasive, but it is difficult to predict which will become pests. In principle, international norms allow states to intentionally introduce exotic species for commercial purposes, provided that environmental threats can be avoided. In practice, the burden of proof and duty of care about environmental threats and protection of biodiversity is nowadays much higher than before. States cannot take it for granted that alien species may be introduced; new proposals should follow formal risk assessment and monitoring processes that are science-based, and should be strongly justifiable in terms of ability to provide expected economic benefits.
引用
收藏
页码:338 / 350
页数:13
相关论文
共 50 条
  • [41] Evaluating unintended consequences of intentional species introductions and eradications for improved conservation management
    Pearson, Dean E.
    Clark, Tyler J.
    Hahn, Philip G.
    CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, 2022, 36 (01)
  • [42] Human introductions create opportunities for intra-specific hybridization in an alien lizard
    Michaelides, Sozos
    While, Geoffrey M.
    Bell, Celia
    Uller, Tobias
    BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS, 2013, 15 (05) : 1101 - 1112
  • [43] Alien amphipods in a sea of troubles: cryptogenic species, unresolved taxonomy and overlooked introductions
    Marchini, Agnese
    Cardeccia, Alice
    MARINE BIOLOGY, 2017, 164 (04)
  • [44] Intra-country introductions unraveling global hotspots of alien fish species
    Vitule, Jean R. S.
    Occhi, Thiago V. T.
    Kang, Bin
    Matsuzaki, Shin-Ichiro
    Bezerra, Luis Artur
    Daga, Vanessa S.
    Faria, Larissa
    Frehse, Fabricio de A.
    Walter, Felipe
    Padial, Andre A.
    BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION, 2019, 28 (11) : 3037 - 3043
  • [45] The alien flora of Brazilian Caatinga: deliberate introductions expand the contingent of potential invaders
    Walkiria R. Almeida
    Ariadna V. Lopes
    Marcelo Tabarelli
    Inara R. Leal
    Biological Invasions, 2015, 17 : 51 - 56
  • [46] Intra-country introductions unraveling global hotspots of alien fish species
    Jean R. S. Vitule
    Thiago V. T. Occhi
    Bin Kang
    Shin-Ichiro Matsuzaki
    Luis Artur Bezerra
    Vanessa S. Daga
    Larissa Faria
    Fabrício de A. Frehse
    Felipe Walter
    André A. Padial
    Biodiversity and Conservation, 2019, 28 : 3037 - 3043
  • [47] Alien invasions: The effects of the global economy on nonmarine gastropod introductions into the United States
    Robinson, DG
    MALACOLOGIA, 1999, 41 (02) : 413 - 438
  • [48] Invasion pathways at a crossroad: policy and research challenges for managing alien species introductions
    Hulme, Philip E.
    JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY, 2015, 52 (06) : 1418 - 1424
  • [49] Alien amphipods in a sea of troubles: cryptogenic species, unresolved taxonomy and overlooked introductions
    Agnese Marchini
    Alice Cardeccia
    Marine Biology, 2017, 164
  • [50] Human introductions create opportunities for intra-specific hybridization in an alien lizard
    Sozos Michaelides
    Geoffrey M. While
    Celia Bell
    Tobias Uller
    Biological Invasions, 2013, 15 : 1101 - 1112