Bovine posterior pituitary extract stimulates prolactin release from the anterior pituitary gland in vitro and in vivo in cattle

It has been reported that the posterior pituitary (PP) gland contains a potent, unknown prolactin (PRL)-releasing factor (PRF) in rats. PRFs are assumed to be produced in neurones located within the hypothalamus, and to be peptidergic in nature. However, little is known about PRFs in domestic animals. To characterize the PRF in the PP of domestic animals, the present study examined the PRL-releasing activity of an acidic extract from bovine PP (bPP) in vitro and in vivo ill cattle. First, the PRL-releasing effect of bPP extract was compared with that of PRL-releasing peptide (PrRP), and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from cultured bovine anterior pituitary cells. The extract significantly increased PRL concentrations in the culture medium, at doses of 0.002 and 0.02 eq./ml (one eq. is the PP extract from one animal), compared with the control (p < 0.05). PrRP failed to stimulate the release of PRL. TRH significantly increased PRL concentrations in the culture medium, at doses from 10(-9) to 10(-7) M, compared with the control (p < 0.05). The rate of increase in the PRL concentration, by 0.02 eq./ml bPP extract, was significantly greater than that in TRH (p < 0.05). Secondly, plasma PRL responses to the intravenous (i.v.) injection of bPP extract (0.5 eq./head), PrRP [3.59 mu g/kg body weight (BW)], TRH (1 mu g/kg BW), and a dopamine receptor antagonist (sulpiride, 0.1 mg/kg BW), were examined in calves. PrRP failed to stimulate PRL release; however, plasma PRL increased immediately following the injection of bPP extract, TRH and sulpiride. The PRL-releasing effect of i.v. injections of TRH and sulpiride was more potent than that of bPP extract. Finally, plasma PRL responses to the intra-hypothalamic injection of bPP extract were examined in calves. The intra-hypothalamic infusion (arcuate nucleus) of 0.0625 eq./head of bPP extract strongly stimulated PRL release in calves (p < 0.05). The present results show that PP contains a physiologically potent PRF in cattle.