Nucleic acid-based aggregates and their biomedical applications

The more than three decades of research in nucleic acid nanotechnology has led to the thrilling progress in rationally designed structures and artificial molecular devices with programmable functions and various applications. Nucleic acid-based aggregates feature precise molecular recognition and sequence programmability, versatility, as well as marked biocompatibility, providing promising candidates for biomedical applications. In this minireview, we summarize the recent, successful efforts to construct and employ nucleic acid-based aggregates for biomedical applications, including drug delivery, bioimaging, biosensing, cell analysis, and combined cancer therapy. We also discuss the remaining challenges and opportunities in the field.