Structural and Biochemical Characterization of Glycoside Hydrolase Family 79 β-Glucuronidase from Acidobacterium capsulatum

We present the first structure of a glycoside hydrolase family 79 beta-glucuronidase from Acidobacterium capsulatum, both as a product complex with beta-D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) and as its trapped covalent 2-fluoroglucuronyl intermediate. This enzyme consists of a catalytic (beta/alpha)(8)-barrel domain and a beta-domain with irregular Greek key motifs that is of unknown function. The enzyme showed beta-glucuronidase activity and trace levels of beta-glucosidase and beta-xylosidase activities. In conjunction with mutagenesis studies, these structures identify the catalytic residues as Glu(173) (acid base) and Glu(287) (nucleophile), consistent with the retaining mechanism demonstrated by H-1 NMR analysis. Glu(45), Tyr(243), Tyr(292)-Gly(294), and Tyr(334) form the catalytic pocket and provide substrate discrimination. Consistent with this, the Y292A mutation, which affects the interaction between the main chains of Gln(293) and Gly(294) and the GlcA carboxyl group, resulted in significant loss of beta-glucuronidase activity while retaining the side activities at wild-type levels. Likewise, although the beta-glucuronidase activity of the Y334F mutant is similar to 200-fold lower (k(cat)/K-m) than that of the wild-type enzyme, the beta-glucosidase activity is actually 3 times higher and the beta-xylosidase activity is only 2.5-fold lower than the equivalent parameters for wild type, consistent with a role for Tyr(334) in recognition of the C6 position of GlcA. The involvement of Glu(45) in discriminating against binding of the O-methyl group at the C4 position of GlcA is revealed in the fact that the E45D mutant hydrolyzes PNP-beta-GlcA approximately 300-fold slower (k(cat)/K-m) than does the wild-type enzyme, whereas 4-O-methyl-GlcA-containing oligosaccharides are hydrolyzed only 7-fold slower.