Evaluation of unclassified variants in the breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 using five methods:: results from a population-based study of young breast cancer patients

Introduction Efforts are ongoing to determine the significance of unclassified variants ( UVs) in the breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1/ BRCA2, but no study has systematically assessed whether women carrying the suspected deleterious UVs have characteristics commonly seen among women carrying known deleterious or disease- causing mutations in BRCA1/ BRCA2. Methods We sequenced BRCA1/ BRCA2 in 1,469 population-based female breast cancer patients diagnosed between the ages of 20 and 49 years. We used existing literature to classify variants into known deleterious mutations, polymorphic variants, and UVs. The UVs were further classified as high risk or low risk based on five methods: allele frequency, Polyphen algorithm, sequence conservation, Grantham matrix scores, and a combination of the Grantham matrix score and sequence conservation. Furthermore, we examined whether patients who carry the variants classified as high risk using these methods have risk characteristics similar to patients with known deleterious BRCA1/ BRCA2 mutations ( early age at diagnosis, family history of breast cancer or ovarian cancer, and negative estrogen receptor/ progesterone receptor). Results We identified 262 distinct BRCA1/ BRCA2 variants, including 147 UVs, in our study population. The BRCA1 UV carriers, but not the BRCA2 UV carriers, who were classified as high risk using each classification method were more similar to the deleterious mutation carriers with respect to family history than those carriers classified as low risk. For example, the odds ratio of having a first- degree family history for the high- risk women classified using Polyphen was 3.39 ( 95% confidence interval = 1.16 to 9.94) compared with normal/ polymorphic BRCA1 carriers. The corresponding odds ratio of low- risk women was 1.53 ( 95% confidence interval = 1.07 to 2.18). The odds ratio for high- risk women defined by allele frequency was 2.00 ( 95% confidence interval = 1.14 to 3.51), and that of low-risk women was 1.30 ( 95% confidence interval = 0.87 to 1.93). Conclusion The results suggest that the five classification methods yielded similar results. Polyphen was particularly better at isolating BRCA1 UV carriers likely to have a family history of breast cancer or ovarian cancer, and may therefore help to classify BRCA1 UVs. Our study suggests that these methods may not be as successful in classifying BRCA2 UVs.