Men With Breast Cancer and Their Encounters With Masculinity: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Using Photography

Underacknowledged clinically and socially, breast cancer in men is a critical health issue, with complex ramifications for those affected. Experiential research exploring men's meaning making of breast cancer accordingly is scant. In this innovative multimethod inquiry, 31 British men, accessed from both clinical care and community contexts, took photographs to illustrate their breast cancer experiences and discussed these in extended semistructured interviews. Verbal and photographic data were analyzed together using interpretative phenomenological analysis through the emerging "visual voice" paradigm. Findings illuminated both the multiple difficulties men encountered and the coping strategies they employed. In particular, the complex and dynamic ways in which men navigated, made sense of, and performed masculinity through their breast cancer journey was pivotal to understanding these experiences and how they presented their accounts, verbally and visually. Thus, the analysis presented identifies and illustrates three experiential and interconnected encounters with masculinity: "Threatened-exposed," "Protected-asserted," and "Reconsidered-reconfigured" which are presented both thematically and through a novel schematic representation. We demonstrate how men's relationship with masculinity shapes their accounts of both the embodied lived experience of breast cancer and how the cancer experience, with its many changes, challenges, and consequences, is communicated to others. How and why men encounter/perform these different masculinities at different points in time across the breast cancer trajectory, and how this aids their adjustment to illness and life postdiagnosis is considered. We conclude with recommendations for improved future breast cancer care and support and suggest future research directions with this community of hitherto underresearched and underrepresented men.