Student understanding of thermodynamic processes, variables and systems

This work focuses on students' common struggles with thermodynamic processes, variables and systems found via a research-based multiple-choice survey. The analysis of data from more than a thousand students using the validated survey administered at six different higher education institutions in the US shows that not only introductory but also advanced physics students have many common difficulties with these concepts after traditional lecture-based instruction in relevant concepts. Findings related to common challenges encountered by students with thermodynamic processes, variables and systems can help instructors teaching these courses improve student understanding of these concepts. These findings can also be valuable for developing effective evidence-based curricula and pedagogies to reduce student difficulties and help students develop a solid grasp of these fundamental thermodynamic concepts.