Iceberg and ship discrimination with ENVISAT multi-polarization ASAR

Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can provide wide area and all-weather surveillance for iceberg and ship targets. However, the discrimination between icebergs and ships in SAR imagery, especially in the single polarization imagery that has been available over the past decade, is not always reliable. This is especially true when vessel and iceberg size are on the order of the pixel spacing. Present requirements for ocean surveillance with SAR data include a high detection and classification accuracy due to the necessity of comparable performance with other reconnaissance methods, such as aerial. ENVISAT Advanced SAR (ASAR) data offers a potential solution to the iceberg-ship discrimination problem. ASAR data has comparable swath and resolution to other operational SAR systems and in addition offers an alternating polarization (AP) mode. AP targets offer more information than single polarization with respect to radar scattering mechanisms. The AP ship and iceberg targets in this study were observed to have considerably different polarization responses. In particular, ship targets in the HH and HV channels were comparable. In contrast, iceberg targets had at best, weak HV responses compared to the HH channel. Two methods for target discrimination were investigated: a multi-polarized area ratio and HV signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR).