Genetics of fetal hemoglobin in tribal Indian patients with sickle cell anemia

India tops the list of countries with sickle cell disease (SCD) with an estimated 44,000 live births in 2010 and a prevalence of 10%-33%. In the present study, the first from India, we have investigated the effect of genetic variants in the BCL1 1A, the HMIP (HBS1L-MYB intergenic polymorphism) locus, in addition to the HBB locus, which are known to be associated with fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels, a major modulator of the disease phenotype. The present study was conducted on 240 individuals with SCD and 60 with sickle cell trait. Genotyping was performed for the BCL1 1A rs11886868 and rs34211119; HMIP rs9399137, rs189600565, rs7776196, rs34778774, and rs53293029; HBG2 Xmn1 polymorphism rs7482144; and -68C > T HBD promoter polymorphism. All the 3 quantitative trait loci were associated with HbF levels in Indian patients with SCD. The highest difference was seen in the Xmn1 single-nucleotide polymorphism, which accounted for 11% of the trait variance, the BCL1 1A rs11886868 for 3.65%, whereas the HMIP rs9399137 for 3.8%. The present study indicates the BCL1 1A, HMIP, and beta-globin region to be associated with increased HbF levels in Indian patient. Further interrogation of these genotypes with respect to pain crisis is warranted in this population, which may help in prognostication, as also a genome-wide association study, which may help uncover new loci controlling HbF levels.