Dynamics and stress in gravity-driven granular flow

We study, using simulations, the steady-state flow of dry sand driven by gravity in two dimensions. An investigation of the microscopic grain dynamics reveals that grains remain separated but with a power-law distribution of distances and times between collisions. While there are large random grain velocities, many of these fluctuations are correlated across the system and local rearrangements are very slow. Stresses in the system are almost entirely transfered by collisions and the structure of the stress tensor comes almost entirely from a bias in the directions in which collisions occur. [S1063-651X(99)14903-1].