Vertically integrated sensor array technology for unattended sensor networks

The increasing need for unattended sensor networks drives individual sensor development, signal processing for network management, and communication technology. The application space is becoming more complex, with requirements for sensor networks in force protection; surveillance of large expanses of rugged terrain; and monitoring complex urban areas. Individual sensors exhibit excellent performance and include a wide variety of sensing modes, such as acoustic, electro-optical imaging, seismic, and radio frequency devices. These sensors continue to shrink with packaging, while applications continue to demand more of the sensor technology. Although single imaging arrays, which are available in spectral bands from the visible through the infrared, can be integrated into packages size as small as a cubic inch, the information from a single sensor is not sufficient to meet requirements for day / night, all-weather operation. This has driven the need for integration of multiple sensors into the compact packages intended for an individual sensor. A major step toward addressing the need for more effective sensor technology for unattended sensor networks is being taken through development of Vertically Integrated Sensor Array (VISA) technology. This technology, currently being developed for imaging sensors, builds multiple layers of signal processing at each pixel in the sensor array. Processing power is dramatically increased, allowing the integration of multiple sensors in small compact packages. This paper reviews the VISA approach to imaging sensors and describes applications for unattended sensors.