The influence of liquid head and liquid circulation on weeping rates at a submerged orifice

A detailed study of the liquid weeping accompanying bubble formation at a submerged orifice, has shown that the liquid head has a significant effect on weeping rate at low submergence. At increasing values of the liquid head, a critical value will eventually be reached, above which the liquid head has no further influence on weeping rates. In the region where liquid head effects on weeping occur, the presence or absence of stabilizing baffles has a pronounced effect on weeping rates. Experimental evidence suggests that the nature of this influence is related to the magnitude of bulk liquid circulation induced by the upward gas momentum.