The evolutionary analysis of the ultimatum game based on the net-profit decision

In an ultimatum game where competitive pressures and alternating roles exist, we suppose that players make their decisions based on the net profit of their own. Here we conduct a behavioral experiment in a selection examination, and then we establish a model and study the evolution of strategies on square lattices. In this model, we specify a player's strategy with two parameters: offer level alpha is an element of [0, 1) and net profit acceptance level beta is an element of [-1, 1). Evolutionary results show that individuals characterized by fairness (alpha -> 0.5) and moderate kindness (beta < 0, beta -> 0.0) prevail over other individuals. Further analysis demonstrates that individuals' kindness rather than fairness increases the average payoff of the whole population. Moreover, we conclude that the emergence of kindness is promoted by the spatial structure, and eventually the evolutionary advantage is gained by kindness. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.