A coarse-to-fine capsule network for fine-grained image categorization

Fine-grained image categorization is challenging due to the subordinate categories within an entry-level category can only be distinguished by subtle discriminations. This necessitates localizing key (most dis-criminative) regions and extract domain-specific features alternately. Existing methods predominantly realize fine-grained categorization independently, while ignoring that representation learning and fore-ground localization can reinforce each other iteratively. Sharing the state-of-the-art performance of cap-sule encoding for abstract semantic representation, we formalize our pipeline as a coarse-to-fine capsule network (CTF-CapsNet). It consists of customized expert CapsNets arranged in each perception scale and region proposal networks (RPNs) between two adjacent scales. Their mutually motivated self-optimization can achieve increasingly specialized cross-utilization of object-level and component-level descriptions. The RPN zooms the areas to turn the attention to the most distinctive regions by concerning preceding informations learned by expert CapsNet for references, whilst a finer-scale model takes as feed an amplified attended patch from last scale. Overall, CTF-CapsNet is driven by three focal margin losses between label prediction and ground truth, and three regeneration losses between original input images/ feature maps and reconstructed images. Experiments demonstrate that without any prior knowledge or strongly-supervised supports (e.g., bounding-box/part annotations), CTF-CapsNet can deliver competitive categorization performance among state-of-the-arts, i.e., testing accuracy achieves 89.57%, 88.63%, 90.51%, and 91.53% on our hand-crafted rice growth image set and three public benchmarks, i.e., CUB Birds, Stanford Dogs, and Stanford Cars, respectively. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.