An explanation for the seasonal dependence of midlatitude sporadic E layers

[1] The midlatitude sporadic E layers form when metallic ions of meteoric origin in the lower thermosphere are converged vertically in a wind shear. The occurrence and strength of sporadic E follow a pronounced seasonal dependence marked by a conspicuous summer maximum. Although this is known since the early years of ionosonde studies, its cause has remained a mystery as it cannot be accounted for by the windshear theory of E-s formation. We show here that the marked seasonal dependence of sporadic E correlates well with the annual variation of sporadic meteor deposition in the upper atmosphere. The later has been established recently from long-term measurements using meteor radar interferometers in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Knowing that the occurrence and strength of sporadic E layers depends directly on the metal ion content, which apparently is determined primarily by the meteoric deposition, the present study offers a cause-and-effect explanation for the long-going mystery of sporadic E layer seasonal dependence.