Out-of-home food intake is often omitted from mothers' recalls of school children's intake in rural Kenya

Children often consume foods from outside the home (CH foods), which can decrease the accuracy of dietary recalls collected from the parents. The objectives of this study were to describe the types and composition of OH foods consumed by rural school-aged Kenyan children, to assess their contribution to the daily intake of the child, and to evaluate the ability of the mother to estimate intake of OH foods. To capture any seasonal differences, the study was conducted twice, once during a food shortage season and again during the subsequent harvest season. School children were asked to recall the types and amounts of CH foods consumed on the previous day. Mothers were asked to report on the types and amounts of all foods consumed by their children during the day of interest. CH foods contributed 13 and 19% of daily energy intake in the food shortage and harvest seasons, respectively, but mothers missed 77 and 41% of the CH energy intake. OH foods were most likely to be fruits (guavas, mangoes, and wild fruit) and starchy foods (bread and fried wheat dough). Nutrients most likely to be under-reported on the mothers' recalls were vitamin C (59 and 26% was missed in the food shortage and harvest seasons, respectively) and vitamin A (similar to 22% was missed in both seasons). To ensure that all food intake is recalled, it is important that school children be included in dietary assessment interviews about their own intakes.