Research on emerging-market multinational enterprises: Extending Alan Rugman's critical contributions

We summarize Rugman's contributions to the literature on emerging-market multinational enterprises (EMNEs) and propose directions to extend his work. We first review his work, where he extended his early research on international business theories to understand the nature, positioning, and activities of EMNEs. EMNEs typically exhibit home-based firm-specific advantages (FSAs) yet lack host-based and non-location-bound FSAs. Most of their sales or assets are focused on the domestic market. Given that the "goals of EMNEs may conflict with or complement those of their home or host governments, EMNEs either receive government support or face regulatory barriers. We propose several directions for further research: investigating the mechanisms (e.g., international acquisitions) through which EMNEs develop strong FSAs, exploring the strategy and performance of state-owned EMNEs (vs. private EMNEs), and constructing comprehensive datasets to test the strategy and performance of EMNEs. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.