Foraging effort of Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata) wintering in a spatially and temporally variable prey landscape

We monitored foraging effort of radio-tagged Surf Scorers (Melanitta perspicillata (L., 1758)) in three different habitats: (1) shellfish farm structures with high densities of mussels and strong seasonal prey depletion, (2) soft-bottom clam beds with more stable but less available prey, and (3) rocky intertidal beds with moderate mussel densities and depletion rates. We predicted that foraging effort would vary uniquely by habitat, with effort increasing more where depletion was strongest. However, variation in both hourly and daily foraging efforts was best explained by date only. Effort per hour was lowest in early December (presumably owing to very high prey abundance), increased until mid-February as prey declined, and then decreased again in March (probably owing to increased daylight time for foraging). Foraging effort estimated over a full day increased steadily from December to March as prey were depleted. Temporal patterns of effort did not vary by habitat after accounting for seasonal effects. Instead of increasing foraging effort in habitats with strong depletion, Surf Scoters redistributed, to habitats with lower degrees of prey reduction as the season progressed. We suggest that Surf Scoters; respond to variation in prey by adjusting both foraging effort and habitat selection as the prey landscape changes.