Anomalous behavior of the ionosphere before strong earthquakes

In the recent years, the seismo-ionospheric coupling has been studied using various ionospheric parameters like Total Electron Content, Critical frequencies, Electron density and Phase and amplitude of Very Low Frequency waves. The present study deals with the behavior of the ionosphere in the pre-earthquake period of 3-4 days at various stations adopting the critical frequencies of E-s and F-2 layers. The relative phase measurements of 16 kHz VLF wave transmissions from Rugby (UK), received at Visakhapatnam (India) are utilized to study the D-region during the seismically active periods. The results show that, f(0)E(s) increases a few hours before the time of occurrence of the earthquake and day time values f(0)F(2) are found to be high during the sunlit hours in the pre-earthquake period of 2-3 days. Anomalous VLF phase fluctuations are observed during the sunset hours before the earthquake event. The results are discussed in the light of the probable mechanism proposed by previous investigators.