Smash plus plus : an alignment-free and memory-efficient tool to find genomic rearrangements

Background: The development of high-throughput sequencing technologies and, as its result, the production of huge volumes of genomic data, has accelerated biological and medical research and discovery. Study on genomic rearrangements is crucial owing to their role in chromosomal evolution, genetic disorders, and cancer. Results: We present Smash++, an alignment-free and memory-efficient tool to find and visualize small- and large-scale genomic rearrangements between 2 DNA sequences. This computational solution extracts information contents of the 2 sequences, exploiting a data compression technique to find rearrangements. We also present Smash++ visualizer, a tool that allows the visualization of the detected rearrangements along with their self- and relative complexity, by generating an SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) image. Conclusions: Tested on several synthetic and real DNA sequences from bacteria, fungi, Aves, and Mammalia, the proposed tool was able to accurately find genomic rearrangements. The detected regions were in accordance with previous studies, which took alignment-based approaches or performed FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) analysis. The maximum peak memory usage among all experiments was similar to 1 GB, which makes Smash++ feasible to run on present-day standard computers.