Assessing the efficiency of integrated public transit stations based on the concept of transit-oriented development

Encouraging a modal shift from cars to transit by employing Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) strategies have gained attention owing to the rising concerns about sustainability. Despite its benefits, the assessment of public transit station efficiency with regards to TOD planning concepts is limited. By employing TOD and network centrality measures as inputs, this study explores the efficiency of transit stations using a robust bootstrap Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). In the first stage, bias-corrected efficiency scores are estimated and used in truncated regression analysis in the second stage to identify instrumental determinants of station efficiency. Results indicate that an increase in population, land-use diversity and the number of bus stops around subway stations improve efficiency, whereas transfer distance was negatively correlated with station performance. The findings provide useful insights into how transport planners can modify existing station conditions to derive the benefits of TOD and to improve the quality of citizens' lives.