Coumarin Derivatives Containing Sulfonamide and Dithioacetal Moieties: Design, Synthesis, Antiviral Activity, and Mechanism

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is currently a known plant virus with the most hosts, broadest distribution, and economic hazard. To develop new antiviral drugs against this serious virus, a new range of coumarin derivatives containing sulfonamide and dithioacetal structures were designed and synthesized, and their anti-CMV activities were detected by the half-leaf dead spot method. The results of the biological activity assay showed that most of the compounds exhibited outstanding anti-CMV activity. Especially, compound C23 displayed the optimal in vivo anti-CMV activity, with an EC50 value of 128 mu g/mL, which was remarkably better than that of COS (781 mu g/mL) and ningnanmycin (436 mu g/mL). Excitingly, we found that compound C23 could be a promising plant activator that significantly increased defense-related enzyme activities and the tobacco chlorophyll content. Furthermore, compound C23 enhanced defense responses against viral infection by inducing the abscisic acid (ABA) pathway in tobacco. This work established a basis for multifunction pesticide discovery involving mechanism of action study and structure optimization.