In vitro cytocompatibility of one-dimensional and two-dimensional nanostructure-reinforced biodegradable polymeric nanocomposites

This study investigates the in vitro cytocompatibility of one-dimensional and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) carbon and inorganic nanomaterial reinforced polymeric nanocomposites fabricated using biodegradable polymer poly (propylene fumarate), crosslinking agent N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) and following nanomaterials: single and multiwalled carbon nanotubes, single and multiwalled graphene oxide nanoribbons, graphene oxide nanoplatelets, molybdenum disulfide nanoplatelets, or tungsten disulfide nanotubes dispersed between 0.02 and 0.2 wt% concentrations in the polymer. The extraction media of unreacted components, crosslinked nanocomposites and their degradation products were examined for effects on viability and attachment using two cell lines: NIH3T3 fibroblasts and MC3T3 preosteoblasts. The extraction media of unreacted PPF/NVP elicited acute dose-dependent cytotoxicity attributed to leaching of unreacted components into cell culture media. However, extraction media of crosslinked nanocomposites showed no dose dependent adverse effects. Further, all crosslinked nanocomposites showed high viability (78-100%), high cellular attachment (40-55%), and spreading that was confirmed by confocal and scanning electron microscopy. Degradation products of nanocomposites showed a mild dose-dependent cytotoxicity possibly due to acidic degradation components of PPF. In general, compared to PPF control, none of the nanocomposites showed significant differences in cellular response to unreacted components, crosslinked nanocomposites and their degradation products. Initial minor cytotoxic response and lower cell attachment numbers were observed only for a few nanocomposite groups; these effects were absent at later time points for all PPF nanocomposites. The favorable cytocompatibility results for all the nanocomposites opens avenues for in vivo safety and efficacy studies for bone tissue engineering applications. (c) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103: 2309-2321, 2015.