Evaluation of emission from snow-covered ground for passive microwave remote sensing

This article investigates emission behaviour at frequencies of 18.7, 36.5 and 89 GHz and an incidence angle of 55 degrees over a snow-covered surface at the local scale observation site in Fraser, CO, USA, using both one-layer and two-layer emission models. The models employ the matrix doubling approach to implement the radiative-transfer equation based on dense media theory and the advanced integral equation model. When compared to Ground-Based Passive Microwave Radiometer (GBMR-7) observation on 21 February 2003, both the models could simulate the observed brightness temperature well, but the polarization difference between the observation and the models was smaller for the two-layer emission model than the one-layer model. In addition, we successfully interpreted the emission magnitude and polarization separation of a snow-removed surface by incorporating a Mie scattering transition layer above the soil medium. In this work, we also demonstrated the effect of snow fraction on the brightness temperature difference at 18.7 and 36.5 GHz over a snow-covered surface with the field observation. In conclusion, we demonstrate the snow impact on soil surface with snow depth (SD) and snow fraction variation through modelling and in situ data.