A fuzzy sets based computational fuzzy inference system has been used to estimate the failure strength of 3D-printed polylactide components. The research has confirmed and validated the accuracy and reliability of this approach with a satisfying level of reliability. As far as failure strength is concerned, the following two types of input parameters have been considered: (i) manufacturing variables (i.e., manufacturing angle, infill density, and size of manufacturing voids) and (ii) geometrical features (i.e., notch root radius). The individual significance of the various parameters under investigation has been identified together with the influence on the estimation accuracy of the number of specimens being used. The fuzzy inference system has shown an accuracy improvement compared to the failure strength estimation, obtained as a result of an existing analytical method. The fuzzy inference system approach has also been shown to have a good potential as a decision-making tool in design problems.