Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignancy of bone. Although outcomes of patients with osteosarcoma have improved since the introduction of chemotherapy, outcomes of metastatic or unresectable osteosarcomas are still unsatisfactory. To improve osteosarcoma outcomes, the development of novel systemic therapies for osteosarcoma is needed. Since the 1880s, various immunotherapies have been utilized in patients with osteosarcoma and some patients have shown response to the treatment. Based on recent studies about the role of the immune system in malignancies, immunotherapies including immune modulators such as interleukin-2 and muramyl tripeptide, dendritic cells, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and engineered T cells have been utilized in patients with malignancies. Although there are limited reports of immunotherapies for osteosarcoma, immunotherapy is thought to be a promising treatment option for treating osteosarcomas. In this review, an overview of various immunotherapies for osteosarcoma is provided and their potential as adjuvant therapies is discussed.
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Univ Siena, Dept Med Biotechnol, Div Cardiol, Siena, ItalyUniv Siena, Dept Med Biotechnol, Div Cardiol, Siena, Italy
Ghionzoli, Nicolo
Gentile, Francesco
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Univ Hosp Pisa, Cardiol Div, Pisa, ItalyUniv Siena, Dept Med Biotechnol, Div Cardiol, Siena, Italy
Gentile, Francesco
Del Franco, Anna Maria
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Fdn Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Div Cardiol & Cardiovasc Med, Via Moruzzi, I-156124 Pisa, ItalyUniv Siena, Dept Med Biotechnol, Div Cardiol, Siena, Italy
Del Franco, Anna Maria
Castiglione, Vincenzo
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Univ Hosp Pisa, Cardiol Div, Pisa, ItalyUniv Siena, Dept Med Biotechnol, Div Cardiol, Siena, Italy
Castiglione, Vincenzo
Aimo, Alberto
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Scuola Super Sant Anna, Inst Life Sci, Pisa, ItalyUniv Siena, Dept Med Biotechnol, Div Cardiol, Siena, Italy
Aimo, Alberto
Giannoni, Alberto
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Fdn Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Div Cardiol & Cardiovasc Med, Via Moruzzi, I-156124 Pisa, Italy
Scuola Super Sant Anna, Inst Life Sci, Pisa, ItalyUniv Siena, Dept Med Biotechnol, Div Cardiol, Siena, Italy
Giannoni, Alberto
Burchielli, Silvia
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Fdn Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, ItalyUniv Siena, Dept Med Biotechnol, Div Cardiol, Siena, Italy
Burchielli, Silvia
Cameli, Matteo
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Univ Siena, Dept Med Biotechnol, Div Cardiol, Siena, ItalyUniv Siena, Dept Med Biotechnol, Div Cardiol, Siena, Italy
Cameli, Matteo
Emdin, Michele
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Fdn Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Div Cardiol & Cardiovasc Med, Via Moruzzi, I-156124 Pisa, Italy
Scuola Super Sant Anna, Inst Life Sci, Pisa, ItalyUniv Siena, Dept Med Biotechnol, Div Cardiol, Siena, Italy
Emdin, Michele
Vergaro, Giuseppe
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Fdn Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Div Cardiol & Cardiovasc Med, Via Moruzzi, I-156124 Pisa, Italy
Scuola Super Sant Anna, Inst Life Sci, Pisa, ItalyUniv Siena, Dept Med Biotechnol, Div Cardiol, Siena, Italy