Perspectives on intrinsic toughening strategies and passivation of perovskite films with organic additives

We report on the inclusion of 5-aminovaleric acid (5-AVA)-a bulky, long-chained organic molecule-as an additive to enhance the mechanical integrity of hybrid perovskite films. We studied a range of organic cation additives and found that 5-AVA was the most effective at improving cohesion energy, a key metric of mechanical reliability. MAPbI(3) films reinforced with 5-AVA added in 5% concentration increased cohesion energy 12-fold from 0.53 J/m(2) to 6.04 J/m(2), an effect which is attributed to increased plasticity and crack deflection around grain boundaries of the additive-containing perovskite. The addition of 5-AVA also improves V-oc in perovskite solar cells and carrier lifetimes with a minimal decrease in PCE, attributed to passivation reducing defect and trap densities. A Tauc plot analysis of the bandgap shows that 5-AVA increases the band gap of the perovskite, correlating with reduced film stress compared to MAPbI(3). As a result, the usage of 5-AVA improves the intrinsic thermomechanical reliability, but this improvement comes at the penalty of slightly reduced device efficiency due to reduced charge extraction from the presence of the bulky, insulating organic additive.