Factors associated with mobility apprehension in persons with lower limb amputation

Background: Factors that are related to mobility apprehension were measured in a sample of persons with lower-limb amputation. Objectives: The purpose was to determine whether intensity, interference, or catastrophizing are associated with mobility apprehension. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Persons with amputation of a lower limb who were attending a national limb loss conference were recruited to complete a survey. Subjects were administered the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia to measure mobility apprehension. The Brief Pain Inventory was administered to quantify the affect of pain on general activity, walking ability, and enjoyment of life. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale was administered to assess the tendency to ruminate and magnify pain sensations. A multivariable linear regression was performed to determine factors associated with mobility apprehension. Results: Fifty-three people with lower-limb amputation participated in the study. The mean (standard deviation) score for mobility apprehension was 34.2 (6.0). Mean (standard deviation) pain intensity and interference scores were 1.6 (1.7) and 2.5 (2.6), respectively. The mean (standard deviation) pain catastrophizing score was 9.1 (10). Pain catastrophizing was the only variable associated with higher mobility apprehension (beta = 0.31, p < 0.001, R-2 = 0.32). Results suggest that for every one-point increase in the pain catastrophizing score, mobility apprehension will increase by 0.3 of a point. Conclusion: These preliminary results suggest that pain catastrophizing was related to mobility apprehension in this cohort of persons with lower-limb amputation. This relationship indicates that the exploration of avoidance behaviors, such as pain catastrophizing, may be useful when developing a program for physical rehabilitation.