Novel perspective of seismic performance-based evaluation and design for resilient and sustainable slope engineering

The performance-based seismic assessment and design concept has been applied successfully to superstructures. To promote the development and extension of performance-based design (PBD) with regard to slope engineering, this paper systematically summarizes and reviews the latest developments of PBD regarding the seismic performance evaluation of slopes. Additionally, it attempts to offer a perspective with regard to performance levels, earthquake ground motion, nonlinear dynamic analysis, stochastic reliability, and future research directions, and establish a new generation framework for the performance-based design of slopes. Moreover, this paper proposes the introduction of the most recently developed machine learning algorithm into the seismic performance of slope engineering. This algorithm is the stochastic dynamics assessment method, which is based on the most advanced numerical approach and a new generation of PBD approaches, such as the resilience-based design concept.