A severe case of congenital aural atresia in pre-Columbian Venezuela

A severe case of unilateral congenital aural atresia was observed in an adult male from the pre-Columbian archaeological site of Los Tamarindos in Venezuela. Macroscopic analysis of the right temporal showed a complete absence of an external auditory meatus. Further examination of the cranium using a micro-CT scanner revealed a fusion of the incus and malleus on the affected side. Modern clinical data suggest this would have resulted in hearing loss on the affected side and was likely accompanied by visible malformations of the external ear. The placement of antlers besides the head of this individual may represent a social acknowledgment of the physical impairment by this prehistoric community. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.