Placebo effect of medication cost in Parkinson disease A randomized double-blind study

Objective:To examine the effect of cost, a traditionally inactive trait of intervention, as contributor to the response to therapeutic interventions.Methods:We conducted a prospective double-blind study in 12 patients with moderate to severe Parkinson disease and motor fluctuations (mean age 62.4 7.9 years; mean disease duration 11 6 years) who were randomized to a cheap or expensive subcutaneous novel injectable dopamine agonist placebo (normal saline). Patients were crossed over to the alternate arm approximately 4 hours later. Blinded motor assessments in the practically defined off state, before and after each intervention, included the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor subscale, the Purdue Pegboard Test, and a tapping task. Measurements of brain activity were performed using a feedback-based visual-motor associative learning functional MRI task. Order effect was examined using stratified analysis.Results:Although both placebos improved motor function, benefit was greater when patients were randomized first to expensive placebo, with a magnitude halfway between that of cheap placebo and levodopa. Brain activation was greater upon first-given cheap but not upon first-given expensive placebo or by levodopa. Regardless of order of administration, only cheap placebo increased activation in the left lateral sensorimotor cortex and other regions.Conclusion:Expensive placebo significantly improved motor function and decreased brain activation in a direction and magnitude comparable to, albeit less than, levodopa. Perceptions of cost are capable of altering the placebo response in clinical studies.Classification of evidence:This study provides Class III evidence that perception of cost is capable of influencing motor function and brain activation in Parkinson disease.