Specific features of the ecological functioning of urban soils in Moscow and Moscow oblast

Urban soils (constructozems) were studied in Moscow and several cities (Dubna, Pushchino, and Serebryanye Prudy) of Moscow oblast. The soil sampling from the upper 10-cm-thick layer was performed in the industrial, residential, and recreational functional zones of these cities. The biological (the carbon of the microbial biomass carbon, C-mic and the microbial (basal) respiration, BR) and chemical (pH(water) and the contents of C-org, heavy metals, and NPK) indices were determined in the samples. The ratios of BR to C-mic (the microbial respiration quotient, qCO(2)) and of C-mic to C-org were calculated. The C-mic varied from 120 to 738 mu g C/g soil; the BR, from 0.39 to 1.94 mu g CO2-C/g soil per hour; the C-org, from 2.52 to 5.67%; the qCO(2), from 1.24 to 5.28 mu g CO2-C/mg C-mic/g soil per h; and the C-mic/C-org, from 0.40 to 1.55%. Reliable positive correlations were found between the C-mic and BR, the C-mic and C-mic/C-org, and the C-mic and C-org values (r = 0.75, 0.95, and 0.61, respectively), as well as between the BR and C-mic/C-org values (r = 0.68). The correlation between the C-mic/C-org and qCO(2) values was negative (r = -0.70). The values of C-mic, BR, C-org, and C-mic/C-org were found to correlate with the ammonium nitrogen content. No correlative relationships were revealed between the determined indices and the climatic characteristics. The principal component analysis described 86% of the variances for all the experimental data and clearly subdivided the locations of the studied soil objects. The ANOVA showed that the variances of C-mic, C-org, and BR are controlled by the site location factor by 66, 63, and 35%, respectively. The specificity of the functioning of the anthropogenic soils as compared with their natural analogues was clearly demonstrated. As shown in this study, measurable biological indices might be applied to characterize the ecological, environmental-regulating, and productive functions of soils, including urban soils.