Isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella isolated from poultry farms in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Background: Salmonella has been found to be the major cause of foodborne diseases and a serious public health problem in the world, with an increasing concern for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant strains. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on poultry and poultry farms in Addis Ababa from February 2016 to April 2016 to determine the occurrence and evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella isolates. A total of 200 samples consisting of the cloacal swab (n = 168), pooled litter (n = 12), hand swab (n = 8), pooled feed and water (n = 12) were collected separately from six poultry farms. The samples were examined for the presence of Salmonella through culturing on bacteriological media. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's Chi-square (X-2) and bivariate logistic regression were used in the analysis of the data. Accordingly, out of 200 samples, 23 (11.50%) were Salmonella positive, of which 21(12.50%) were in cloacal swab and 2(16.67%) in the pooled litter. There was no statistical association between the bacteriological status of sample type and Salmonella positivity (X-2 = 3.07, P = 0.545). However, there was a statistical association between farms and the rate of Salmonella isolation (X-2 = 22.21, P <= 0.00). The antimicrobial susceptibility testing for Salmonella isolates was conducted following the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method (1961). Results: Out of 23 samples tested, 95.65% of them were resistant to at least one or more antimicrobials. Multiple drug resistances were observed for 69.56% of Salmonella isolates. The highest resistance (73.9%) was observed in kanamycin followed by tetracycline (65.2%) and streptomycin (56.3%). gentamycin was the most effective antibiotic (95.7%; sensitivity) followed by ciprofloxacin (78.3% sensitivity) and ampicillin (69.6% sensitivity. Conclusion: This current study finding indicated that further detailed epidemiological and molecular studies are essential on the frequency and sources of acquisition of resistant genes.