Validation of scores on the homework management scale for high school students

The purpose of this study is to test the validity of scores on the Homework Management Scale ( HMS) using 681 rural and 306 urban high school students. Based on a randomized split of the rural sample, the author first conducts exploratory factor analysis on Group 1 (n= 341) and confirmatory factor analysis on Group 2 ( n= 340). The results reveal that the HMS comprises five separate yet related factors: arranging environment, managing time, handling distraction, monitoring motivation, and controlling emotion. This factor structure is cross-validated with the data from the urban sample (Group 3). The study finds an adequate level of configural, factor loading, common error covariance, and intercept invariance between Group 2 and Group 3.