Habitat loss, fragmentation, and the genetic status of Roanoke bass

Roanoke bass (Ambloplites cavifrons) persist in five river basins in the eastern US, where they are threatened by invasive species, habitat loss and degradation, and hydrologic fragmentation. We conducted the first conservation genetic study of A. cavifrons, analyzing variation at 19 nuclear microsatellite DNA loci and the cytochrome b mitochondrial DNA gene to estimate population structure and demography, genetic relationships among populations, and the role of landscape features in regulating genetic diversity and differentiation. Most streams harbored genetically distinguishable populations, with high connectivity among reaches within streams but no contemporary dispersal among streams. In contrast, mitochondrial divergence within and among basins was weak, suggesting historically higher range-wide connectivity. Most populations exhibited small effective population sizes and evidence of past population bottlenecks. Genetic diversity correlated positively with patch size but negatively with watershed urban and agricultural development, suggesting that habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation have acted in concert to reduce population viability. Mitigating these impacts may require a combination of tactics, including restoring habitat, limiting the spread of invasive competitors, and reestablishing historical connectivity.