Construction and Hardware-Efficient Decoding of Raptor Codes

Raptor codes are a class of concatenated codes composed of a fixed-rate precode and a Luby-transform (LT) code that can be used as rateless error-correcting codes over communication channels. These codes have the atypical features of dynamic code-rate, highly irregular Tanner graph check-degree distribution, random LT-code structure, and LT-precode concatenation, which render a hardware-efficient decoder implementation achieving good error-correcting performance a challenging task. In this paper, the design of hardware-efficient Raptor decoders with good performance is addressed through joint optimizations targeting 1) the code construction, 2) decoding schedule, and 3) decoder architecture. First, random encoding is decoupled by developing a two-stage LT-code construction scheme that embeds structural features in the LT-graph that are amenable to efficient implementation while guaranteeing good performance. An LT-aware LDPC precode construction methodology that ensures architectural-compatibility with the structured LT code is also proposed. Second, a decoding schedule is optimized to reduce memory cost and account for processing workload-variability caused by the varying code rate. Third, to address the problems of check-degree irregularity and hardware underutilization, a novel reconfigurable check unit that attains a constant throughput while processing a varying number of LT and LDPC nodes is presented. These design steps collectively are employed to generate serial and partially-parallel decoder architectures. A Raptor code instance constructed using the proposed method having LT data-block length of 1210 is shown to outperform or closely match the performance of conventional LDPC codes over the code-rate range [0.4, 2/3]. The corresponding hardware serial decoder is synthesized using 65-nm CMOS technology and achieves a throughput of 22 Mb/s at rate 0.4 for a BER of 10(-6), dissipates an average power of 222 mW at 1.2 V, and occupies an area of 1.77 mm(2).