The role of congenital malformations of the thoracic outlet in the development of the syndrome

Background: Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) represents a clinical condition caused by compression of the neurovascular structures that cross the thoracic outlet. TOS can be classified in: 1) neurogenic TOS (NTOS), 2) venous TOS (VTOS), 3) arterial TOS (ATOS). Many different causes can determine the syndrome: congenital malformations, traumas, and functional impairments. Materials and methods: This manuscript reviews how the congenital malformations play an important role in adult age; however, TOS also affects patients of all ages. Results: Radiological imaging like X-ray (radiography), magnetic resonance and computed tomography can provide useful information to assess TOS causes and decide a potential surgery. 79% of the patients included in the first two stages of nerve, artery, vein (NAV) staging experienced excellent results with kinesio-therapy; whereas patients included in the third and fourth stage of NAV staging were subject to surgery. Conclusions: The treatment of acute forms of TOS involves thrombolysis and anti-coagulant therapy; surgery is appropriate for true NTOS, vascular TOS and in some cases when conservative treatment fails. (Folia Morphol 2022; 81, 1: 117-123)