Easily Missed Fractures of the Upper Extremity

Radiographs remain the mainstay for initial imaging of suspected fracture in the emergency setting. Missed fractures potentially have significant negative consequences for patients, referring physicians, and radiologists. Most missed fractures are owing to perceptual errors. In this review, we emphasize knowledge of 3 categories of pitfalls as they pertain to the upper extremity: the common but challenging; the out of mind, out of sight; and those related to satisfaction of search. For specific injuries, emphasis is placed on helpful radiographic signs and important additional radiographic views to obtain.