How the regulatory protein, IF1, inhibits F1-ATPase from bovine mitochondria

The structure of bovine F-1-ATPase inhibited by a monomeric form of the inhibitor protein, IF1, known as I1-60His, lacking most of the dimerization region, has been determined at 2.1-angstrom resolution. The resolved region of the inhibitor from residues 8-50 consists of an extended structure from residues 8-13, followed by two a-helices from residues 14-18 and residues 21-50 linked by a turn. The binding site in the beta(DP)-alpha(DP) catalytic interface is complex with contributions from five different subunits of F-1-ATPase. The longer helix extends from the external surface of F-1 via a deep groove made from helices and loops in the C-terminal domains of subunits beta(DP), alpha(DP), beta(TP), and alpha(TP) to the internal cavity surrounding the central stalk. The linker and shorter helix interact with the gamma-subunit in the central stalk, and the N-terminal region extends across the central cavity to interact with the nucleotide binding domain of the alpha(E) subunit. To form these complex interactions and penetrate into the core of the enzyme, it is likely that the initial interaction of the inhibitor with F-1 forms via the open conformation of the beta(E) subunit. Then, as two ATP molecules are hydrolyzed, the beta(E)-alpha(E) interface converts to the beta(DP)-alpha(DP) interface via the beta(TP)-alpha(TP) interface, trapping the inhibitor progressively in its binding site and a nucleoticle in the catalytic site of subunit beta(DP). The inhibition probably arises by IF1 imposing the structure and properties of the beta(TP)-alpha(TP) interface on the beta(DP)-alpha(DP) interface, thereby preventing it from hydrolyzing the bound ATP.