Composite and Multivisceral Transplantation Nomenclature, Surgical Techniques, Current Practice, and Long-term Outcome

The successful development of multivisceral and composite visceral transplant is among the milestones in the recent history of human organ transplantation. All types of gastrointestinal transplants have evolved to be the standard of care for patients with gut failure and complex abdominal pathologic conditions. The outcome has markedly improved over the last 3 decades owing to technical innovation, novel immunosuppression, and better postoperative care. Recent data documented significant improvement in the long-term therapeutic indices of all types of visceral transplant close to that achieved with thoracic and solid abdominal organs.