Recent studies on solid acid catalysis and solid base catalysis for fine chemicals synthesis

A new type of solid acid and base-catalyzed reactions has been selected and addressed from the viewpoint of practical reactions applicable to fine chemicals synthesis. As solid acid catalysts, zeolites (NaY, Sn-beta, Ti-beta, molecular sieves 4 A (MS 4 A)), mesoporous aluminosilicates (Al-MCM-41, Al-HMS), montmorillonite (Ti-Mont), hydroxyapatite (Ru-HAP), Ru(OH)(x)/Al2O3, and polystyrene-supported sulfonic acid were reviewed in carbonyl-ene reaction, the Diels-Alder reaction, alkylation, aldol-type condensation, oxidation, reduction, hydration, acetalization, and esterification. Solid base catalysis by alkali-earth metal oxide (MgO, CaO, SrO, Mg-Al mixed oxide, KOH/Fe2O3), hydrotalcite (HT-OH, HT-tBuO), and MS 4 A was mainly discussed in the carbon-carbon and carbon-oxygen bond forming reactions.