Determination of low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids and organic functional groups in rhizosphere and bulk soils of Tsuga and Yushania in a temperate rain forest

Low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) derived from root exudates, decomposing organic matter, and other sources are important ligands. The species of these LMWOAs in the Tsuga rhizosphere soil (TRS), and Yushania rhizosphere soil (YRS), and bulk soil (BS) from an alpine forest region were identified. LMWOA and organic functional groups were used to those fresh twigs and leaves, litters, and roots as comparison. The objectives of this study were to (i) develop a method that could be used to determine LMWOAs in soil solution by gas chromatography (GC), (ii) assess methods for processing LMWOAs in soil samples, and (iii) determine the relative proportions of organic carbon functional groups in the TRS, YRS and BS, and fresh plant materials with C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (C-13 NMR) analysis. The proportion of organic acid contents followed the order of YRS > TRS > BS, and also showed significant differences (P < 0.05) from GC analysis. The amounts of malonic, fumaric and succinic acids in the YRS samples were greater than in the TRS and BS. Samples analyzed after 1 month of deep freeze storage (-24 degreesC) showed no signs of decomposition. The proportion of organic functional groups in the rhizosphere and bulk soils quantified by C-13 NMR analyses followed the general order: alkyl-C > O-alkyl-C > N-alkyl-C > acetal-C > aromatic-C > carboxylic-C > phenolic-C.