Long-term effect of continuous cropping of irrigated rice on soil and yield trends in the Sahel of West Africa

The effects of 18 years continuous cropping of irrigated rice on soil and yields were studied in two long-term fertility experiments (LTFE) at Ndiaye and Fanaye in the Senegal River Valley (West Africa). Rice was planted twice in a year during the hot dry season (HDS) and wet season (WS) with different fertilizer treatments. Soil organic carbon (SOC) under fallow varied from 7.1 g kg(-1) at Fanaye to 11.0 g kg(-1) at Ndiaye. Rice cropping maintained and increased SOC at Ndiaye and Fanaye, respectively and fertilizer treatments did not affect SOC. Soil available P and exchangeable K were maintained or increased with long-term application of NPK fertilizers. Without any fertilizer, yields decreased by 60 kg ha(-1) (1.5%) and 115 kg ha(-1) (3%) per year at Fanaye and Ndiaye, respectively. The highest annual yield decreases of 268 kg ha(-1) (3.6%) and 277 kg ha(-1) (4.1%) were observed at Fanaye and Ndiaye, respectively when only N fertilizer was applied. Rice yields were only maintained with NPK fertilizers supplying at least 60 kg N, 26 kg P and 50 kg K ha(-1). It was concluded that the double cropping of irrigated rice does not decrease SOC and the application of the recommended doses of NPK fertilizer maintained rice yields for 18 years.