Validation of the French version of the parental bonding instrument in adults

Poor parenting has long been considered a risk factor for psychopathology. Perceived levels of parental care and protection, as measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), have demonstrated a nonspecific association with psychopathology. We translated the PBI into French and tested its structural validity in adults recruited from the general population. The French version of the PBI has comparable psychometric properties to the original version. Similar to recent findings, our results support a three-factor rather than the two-factor structure of carl and overprotection posited by Parker, with the further partitioning of the protection factor into a positive ('encouragement of behavioural freedom') and negative pole ('denial of psychological autonomy'). (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.