Nanotechnology for neurosurgery

This review introduces nanotechniques relevant to neurosurgery. We consider carbon nanotube electrode arrays, with their multiplex capability (1) to monitor both electrical and chemical activity at the cellular/synaptic cleft level, and (2) to stimulate both electrically and chemically (through the controlled release of, e.g., nerve growth factors) with similar precision. Examples of nanoneuromodulation are given: (1) carbon nanotube electrode arrays for deep brain stimulation, and (2) a multiplex neural growth tube for understanding and enhancing axon regeneration in spinal cord injury.