Energy efficient and effective node deployment for wireless sensor network

The development of tiny sensor nodes (SNs) has incarnated numerous applications in the field of wireless sensor networks (WSN). These devices became much popular in multidisciplinary research area such as the internet of things (IoT). However, the use of these devices has been restricted due to some constraints like SN energy, data aggregation, quality of service (QoS), reliability, SN deployment, scalability, energy consumption, and many more. Among all these constraints, we focus on SN energy, SN deployment, and energy consumption of the network. Because if the consumption of SN energy is less, network lifetime automatically increases. So, we propose active-passive node topology on deployed SNs which enhance the network lifetime. With the help of the proposed mechanism, the lifetime and stability have increased by 60% and 3%, respectively, as compared with directed diffusion protocol in Experiment 1. In another experiment, the lifetime has increased by 67%, 64%, and 62% as compared with LEACH, NEAP, and DREEP, respectively, in homogeneous environment. The proposed scheme also performed significant improvement in heterogeneous environment. The simulation performance shows that the proposed protocol increases the network lifetime and stability of the network.